Definition and Examples of Estuary English

Estuary English is a contemporary variety of British English: a mixture of non-regional and southeastern English pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary, which is thought to have originated around the banks of the River Thames and its estuary. Also known as  Cockneyfied RP and Nonstandard Southern English. In some of its features (but not all), Estuary English is related to the traditional Cockney dialect and accent  spoken by people living in the East End of London. The term Estuary English was  introduced by British linguist David Rosewarne in 1984. Examples and Observations Emma Houghton[Paul] Coggle [lecturer in modern languages at the University of Kent] predicts that Estuary English (think Jonathan Ross) will eventually take over from RP. Estuary already predominates in the South East and has apparently spread as far north as Hull.John CraceNot so long ago some academics argued that estuary English (or non-standard southern English, as linguistics experts prefer to call it) was, thanks to TV shows such as EastEnders, slowly taking over the whole country and that some northern accents--particularly Glaswegian--were being diluted. But [Jonnie] Robinson [curator of English accents and dialects at the British Library] points out that this latest version of the imperialist south has turned out to be a false alarm.There is no doubt the London dialect we have come to call estuary has spread out across the south-east, he says, but research has shown that northern accents and dialects have withstood its spread. Characteristics of Estuary English Linda ThomasFeatures of Estuary English include the glottalisation (replacing t with a glottal stop, as in butter pronounced as buh-uh), pronunciation of th as f or v as in mouth pronounced as mouf and mother pronounced as muvver, the use of multiple negation, as in I aint never done nothing, and the use of the non-standard them books instead of those books.Louise Mullany and Peter StockwellOne popular explanation for the development of Estuary English put forward by linguists including David Crystal (1995) is that RP is going through a process of casualisation at the same time as Cockney speakers are experiencing social mobility and thus moving away from the most stigmatized variety.Estuary English is seen by sociolinguists as evidence that a process known as dialect leveling is taking place, as certain features from this southeast variety have been witnessed spreading across the country...From a grammatical perspective, Estuary English speakers will omit the -ly adverbial ending as in Youre moving too quick . . .. There is also usage of what is known as the confrontational tag question (a construction added to a statement) such as I told you that already didnt I. The Queens English Susie DentJonathan Harrington, Professor of Phonetics at the University of Munich, conducted a thorough acoustic analysis of the Queens Christmas broadcasts, and concluded that Estuary English, a term coined in the 1980s to describe the spread of Londons regional pronunciation features to counties adjoining the river, might well have had an influence on Her Majestys vowels. In 1952 she would have been heard referring to thet men in the bleck het. Now it would be that man in the black hat, the article notes. Similarly, she would have spoken of . . . hame rather than home. In the 1950s she would have been lorst, but by the 1970s lost.

Brazil And Its Effects On Society Essay - 2084 Words

Brazil 1 What are some of the Policies that Brazil or China has followed in Recent Years to Reduce Inequality? Has it been Successful? Ehsan Rahmanian Professor Mitu Sengupta November 25 2016 Brazil 2 In the same way as other nations in Latin America, Brazil has had accomplishment in diminishing destitution and inequality in the course of the most recent two decades. As opposed to the worldwide pattern of enlarging the divide amongst rich and poor, which has turned into a developing concern since the financial related emergency. The world is awakening to the destructive impacts of inequality, on society, as well as having a negative impact on encouraging financial development. Brazil s advance on inequality came from a low base; the wage crevice between the nation s top and base decile stays around five times as wide as in advanced economies (Corrigan, 2015). Brazil should in any case do substantially more to guarantee that its gross domestic product (GDP) development converts into expansive based change in expectations for everyday standards. Among Brazil s qualities is the comprehensiveness of its financial framework, positioned best out of the twenty six nations named upper mid dle salary. Brazil s business visionaries have moderately little trouble in getting resources to build up their organizations in contrast with their competitor. The nation additionally scores nearly well on a scope of pointers identified with the labour market, registeredShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Crisis Of Brazil1395 Words   |  6 Pages Brazil Historical Development While Brazil development state began in the response of the Great Depression during the economic crisis. The second section of this report describes the formal protection of human rights in the Brazilian criminal justice system, but also explains why these guarantees remain largely on paper. 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Glendun river fieldwork report CCEA Free Essays

The aim of my fieldwork is to study how a river’s dynamics change downstream. Specifically I shall be looking at how particle size, discharge, cross sectional area, velocity, gradient and width change downstream. Planning To give a clear aim to my investigation I have decided to prove or disprove three hypotheses. We will write a custom essay sample on Glendun river fieldwork report CCEA or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are based on the ideal river model and they are: * Downstream discharge will increase * Downstream particle size will decrease * Downstream the gradient of the river will decrease As a class we decided that the Glendun River was an appropriate river to study since its length facilitates for a noticeable change in results between its source and its mouth. The river is also only an hour’s driving time from our school and the river has relatively easy access. It also has minimum human interference which could corrupt our data. This location has also been used in past river studies by our school and no safety problems arose in the past. We also discussed the possible safety issues that we should be aware of such as Weil’s disease, slippery rocks and pot holes in the river. We then ensured that a first aid kit was brought with us as well as mobile phones in case of an emergency and that appropriate clothing was worn. Also everyone was made aware of what procedures to follow in an emergency. The week before the fieldtrip we conducted a small pilot study in a small stream in the grounds of our school where we tested each piece of equipment to make sure it functioned correctly. We discovered that our flow metre was faulty so we decided to instead to time how long it took for an object to cover a stretch of river. We decided to use an orange since it is buoyant and brightly coloured and to use a 10 metre stretch of river since we are using it for other measurements and it is long enough to give reliable results. Also on the week before of our teachers went down to the river on a pre-site visit to check that all of our pre-determined sites were viable to use. She concluded that all our sites were practical to use in our investigation. Data Collection: Collected on Thursday 25th October The primary data used in this investigation is the results we took down on the fieldtrip. The secondary data sources we are going to use are the internet, our class notes and handouts, the David Wough AS level textbook and the Ordnance survey map. The type of sampling used on the fieldtrip was systematic; the sites chosen to investigate were 1.3km apart. Pragmatic sampling would have to have been used in the event that one of the pre defined sites proved to be inaccessible on the day; none of which were. Particle Size Particle size was recorded at each stop by two people measuring the longest axis of 30 stones from the river bed while a third person recorded the results. The average of the lengths was taken for each stop. The equipment used was a metre ruler. Cross Sectional Area The width of the river was measured by two people with a measuring tape at either side of the river. The depth was then recorded by another person with a metre stick taking measurements from the measuring tape to the riverbed in increments of 0.5 metres until the whole width of the river was recorded and then an average depth was calculated from these results. The cross sectional area was then worked out by multiplying the average depth by the average width. Velocity A ten metre stretch of the river was measured with the tape measure. An orange was dropped at the upstream end and a stopwatch was used to record the time taken for the orange to travel the ten metre stretch. This was repeated three times and an average taken. If the orange got stuck that particular attempt would be scrapped and then it would be carried out again. Gradient The gradient of the river was calculated with an abney level and a gauging pole. We used the same ten metre marking used when we measured velocity. We took three readings along the ten metre width and calculated the average gradient from them. Discharge The discharge of the river was worked out by multiplying the average velocity and the average cross sectional area found at each site to give the discharge. How to cite Glendun river fieldwork report CCEA, Papers

Plant Nutrition free essay sample

Plant nutrition The elements which are required to complete life cycle of plant, are called nutrition elements. In the absence of any of the elements, plants can not complete their life cycle and these can not be supplemented by other elements. Elements required for Plant nutrition Classification These essential plant nutrients are classified into two on the basis of quantity required, such as – (a)Macronutrient and (b) Micronutrient Macronutrient The elements which are required in relatively large quantity are called macronutrient. Organic manure applied to soil, increases its water and nutrient holding capacity. Chemical fertilizer Any fertilizer produced from inorganic matter through chemical process is called chemical fertilizer. There is one or more than one nutrient element in urea, ammonium sulphate, super phosphate, murate of potash and Zinc and the amount of the nutrient element is also high. Chemical fertilizer can be classified into several types on the basis of plant nutrient categories, such as, nitrogen fertilizers, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Plant Nutrition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Besides, there are mixed fertilizers available in many countries. Use of mixed fertilizers in Bangladesh is also increasing. Importance of fertilizers Any material applied to the soil to promote crop development is considered to be a fertilizer. Plants obtain nutrients from the soil. So, cultivation of crops in the same piece of land for years reduces the quantity of nutrients present in the soil. Plant nutrients need to be applied so that deficiency due to crop cultivation does not occur. The fertility of the soil largely depends on the amount and rate of nutrients provided to it. To enhance healthy and continuous growth of plants, it is important to provide the soil with adequate nutrients. Thus, fertilizers contain the essential nutrients that are supplied to the soil, thereby improving plant growth and producing high yields. Fertilizers increase the capacity of the plants to hold more water and thus, becoming more resistant to even severe drought conditions. Fertilizers that contain potassium are best meant for strengthening the stalks and straws of plants. Further, they assist in enhancing seed and fruit quality, thereby delivering a better produce and stocks. To encourage faster growth of plants, farmers use fertilizers containing nitrogen. Nitrogen functions as a growth booster and greening agent as well. To improve the green color of plants, nitrogen aids in forming chlorophyll and manufacturing plant protein. Deficiency of nitrogen can be diagnosed by plants that display stunted growth and light-green leaves. Therefore, fertilizers with rich nitrogen content are important for greening plants and lawns. So, fertilizers are important. They should be applied if the plant is not getting sufficient nutrition.